Notes
Note N3322
Index
Was 5 years old in 1940 census.
Notes
Note N3323
Index
Was 14 years old in 1940 Census.
"ENGAGED--Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Zeligman, 800 NW 33rd Ave., have announced the engagement of their daughter Miss Marilyn Joy Zeligmann, to Nathan I. Reiter, son of Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Reiter, 811 NW 102nd st. The wedding will take place Dec. 23."--2 Sep 1951, The Miami (FL) News
"NASSAU HONEYMOON Reiters Marry at Beth El The marriage of Miss Marilyn Joy Zeligman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Zeligman, 800 NW 33rd ave., to Nathan Reiter, son of Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Reiter, 811 NW 102nd st., took place at 5 p.m. Sunday at Beth El Congregation with Rabbi Morris Skop officiating.
The bride was given in marriage by her father. Mrs. Rhoda Josepher was matron of honor; Sima Stahl. flower girl.
Corp. Mark M Zeligman was best man. Ushers were Michael Kaplan, Leonia, N.J.; Norman Fisher, David Zeligman and Harvey Amster.
Reception followed the ceremony at the Temple. After a wedding trip to Nassau, the couple will reside at 8620 SW Ninth Terrace."--24 Dec 1951, The Miami (FL) News
Notes
Note N3324
Index
Was 34 years old in 1940 Census.
Notes
Note N3325
Index
Lived in same house in 1935, was a salesman, income was $2500 in 1939. Address was 148 St. Paul's Street. Language spoken: Yiddish
Notes
Note N3326
Index
Occupation 1920: Butcher, owns his own shop. Language spoken: Yiddish.
"The third wave of Jewish immigration (1880-1920) to the United States consisted of Jews that faced persecution and pogroms in Poland and Russia. The Jews were forced to live in the Pale of Settlement. The Jews of Eastern Europe lived in towns and urban villages called shtetls. Jewish towns included Warsaw, Odessa, Lodz and Vilna, which were later destroyed during the Holocaust. Jews in the Pale were limited to being merchants, shopkeepers and craftsmen.[19],[20]
Many Jews fleeing the Russian pogroms of 1881-1884 and 1903-1906 went to Western Europe and the United States. This wave of Russian Jewish immigrants to the United States was the largest. In 1880, approximately 60,000 Jews lived in New York City. By 1914, the Jewish population of the city exceeded 1.5 million. While the German immigrants of the second wave were young men, The Russian immigrants of the third wave were whole families seeking haven from the pogroms. Many of the Russian immigrants were the Hassidic Jews who remained strictly observant.[21]
The Russian Jewish immigrants settled primarily in urban cities. The large influx of Jews expanded Jewish communal life especially in New York City’s Lower East Side. In 1884, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid society was established to help incoming Eastern European Jews. Many of the Yiddish-speaking immigrants worked in the clothing industry in establishments owned by German Jews. Others peddled or maintained their own small retail establishments.
They expressed their Yiddish culture through journalism, fiction, poetry and theater. Second Avenue in Manhattan developed as the largest Yiddish theater district in the world. Popular Yiddish newspapers included “Der Tog” and “Forward.”[22]
They were part of the working class, which separated them from the middle class German Jews that already were settled in. The Russian Jewish communities were tightknit and insular, resembling the way they lived in the Pale. In this, they also differed from their German counterparts who were more assimilated. German Reform Jews established the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) in New York City in 1887. It was then re-established in 1902 by the emerging Conservative Jewish movement. The Jewish Modern Orthodox movement in New York City was spearheaded by Yeshiva University.[23]
New York City was the American capital of Judaism. The American Jewish Committee was founded in New York City in 1906 to represent of the interests of German Jews. Its founders, including Louis Marshall and Oscar Straus, also helped create the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (“The Joint”), which helped displaced Jews that fought during World War I.
Anti-semitism started to grow in New York during the 1870s at the same time Jim Crow Laws were passed. Police charges were inflated to the point that they claimed that 50% of New York crime was committed by Jews. In 1908, Judah L. Magnes headed the Kehillah (“community”) as a response. The Kehillah included a “Bureau of Social Morals,” among its many agencies. In 1913, the Anti-Defamation League was organized in New York in response to the lynching of Leo Frank in Georgia.[24]
It was during the interwar years that Brooklyn really saw a large jump in Jewish population. The Orthodox community had never been large in New York City, but in the 1920s and 1930s the more Orthodox Jews left the Lower East Side for areas such as Williamsburg, and Borough Park, among other areas in the outer boroughs.[25]
This growth of the Orthodox sector allowed for more growth of Jewish life. Synagogues grew larger and more mikvahs (ritual baths) were built, and became more sanitary and beautiful.
In 1903, the Williamsburg Bridge opened, which made travel from Manhattan to Williamsburg much easier. Jews eager to leave the crowded and intolerable conditions of the Lower East Side moved to the now easily accessible Williamsburg. Borough Park also gained a substantial Orthodox Jewish population, and it was during this time that the Young Men’s Hebrew Association of Brooklyn opened there.
In addition to bridges, the subways lines helped shape Jewish migration to Brooklyn. New lines allowed easier travel to Brooklyn. It was at this time and for the next few decades that Jews moved in in large groups to the outer boroughs, including Brooklyn. The neighborhoods that welcomed these Jews were Brownsville, Crown Heights, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Flatbush, Borough Park, and Brighton Beach. By 1923, Brooklyn had the largest Jewish population of any borough in New York City."--https://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/napoli13/brooklyn-jews/#Waves